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Covalent radius is the nominal radius of the atoms of an element when covalently bound to other atoms. An ionic radius is one-half the distance between the nuclei of two ions in an ionic bond. Van der Waals radius. In principle, Vana der Waals radius is half the minimum distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the element that are not bound to the same molecule.Therefore, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius.

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However, this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape, which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus. It must be noted, atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary. In these and similar cases, the atomic radius is designated as a covalent radius.The atomic radius of Sodium atom is 166pm (covalent radius). The bond between the pair of chlorine atoms in a chlorine molecule and between the carbon atoms in diamond are examples of covalent bonds. The ionic radius of chlorine is nearly twice as great as the radius of a neutral chlorine atom. On the other hand, each chlorine atom has gained one electron to become a chloride ion of unit negative charge. In sodium chloride, each sodium atom has lost an electron to become a sodium ion (charged atom) of unit positive charge. The metallic radius of sodium atoms bonded together in a chunk of sodium metal is larger than the ionic radius of sodium in the compound sodium chloride. When the neighbouring atoms are not alike, as in sodium chloride, part of the observed distance between atoms is assigned to one kind of atom and the rest to the other kind. The value of atomic radii depends on the type of chemical bond in which the atoms are involved ( metallic, ionic, or covalent bond). An atom has no rigid spherical boundary, but it may be thought of as a tiny, dense positive nucleus surrounded by a diffuse negative cloud of electrons.

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